"Because it knew that its
"Because it knew that its turbodiesels could not make U.S. standards for nitrous oxides"
Slightly misleading. The technology existed, even in 2009 to meet T2B5. VW chose not to employ the technology to save money. This means NOx traps too small for the task, or rated for shorter duty cycle. Contrast that the GM, Ford, MB, BMW, Chrysler, and more, were all selling compliant light duty and heavy duty diesels at the same time.